ऊर्जा के परिमाण की कोटि

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इस सूची में विभिन्न प्रणालियों में निहित ऊर्जा (जूल में) को परिमाण की कोटि के क्रम में व्यवस्थित किया गया है। साँचा:Clear

10−34 to 10−1 J

ऊर्जा के परिमाणों की कोटियाँ
गुणक (जूल) एस आई प्री-फिक्स मान प्रणाली
10−34   6.626×10−34 J १ हर्ट्ज आवृत्ति वाले एक फोटॉन की ऊर्जा[१]
10−33   2×10−33 J Average kinetic energy of translational motion of a molecule at the lowest temperature reached, 100 picokelvins साँचा:As of[२]
10−28   6.6×10−28 J Energy of a typical AM radio photon (1 MHz) (4×10−9 eV)[३]
10−24साँचा:Anchor Yocto- (yJ) 1.6×10−24 J Energy of a typical microwave oven photon (2.45 GHz) (1×10−5 eV)[४][५]
10−23   2×10−23 J Average kinetic energy of translational motion of a molecule in the Boomerang Nebula, the coldest place known outside of a laboratory, at a temperature of 1 kelvin[६][७]
10−22   2-3000×10−22 J Energy of infrared light photons[८]
10−21साँचा:Anchor Zepto- (zJ) 1.7×10−21 J 1 kJ/mol, converted to energy per molecule[९]
2.1×10−21 J Thermal energy in each degree of freedom of a molecule at 25 °C (kT/2) (0.01 eV)[१०]
2.856×10−21 J By Landauer's principle, the minimum amount of energy required at 25 °C to change one bit of information
3–7×10−21 J Energy of a van der Waals interaction between atoms (0.02–0.04 eV)[११][१२]
4.1×10−21 J The "kT" constant at 25 °C, a common rough approximation for the total thermal energy of each molecule in a system (0.03 eV)[१३]
7–22×10−21 J Energy of a hydrogen bond (0.04 to 0.13 eV)[११][१४]
10−20   4.5×10−20 J Upper bound of the mass-energy of a neutrino in particle physics (0.28 eV)[१५][१६]
10−19   1.6×10−19 J ≈1 electronvolt (eV)[१७]
3–5×10−19 J Energy range of photons in visible light[१८][१९]
3–14×10−19 J Energy of a covalent bond (2–9 eV)[११][२०]
5–200×10−19 J Energy of ultraviolet light photons[८]
10−18साँचा:Anchor Atto- (aJ)    
10−17   2-2000×10−17 J Energy range of X-ray photons[८]
10−16      
10−15साँचा:Anchor Femto- (fJ) 3 * 10−15 J Average kinetic energy of one human red blood cell.[२१][२२][२३]
10−14   1×10−14 J Sound energy (vibration) transmitted to the eardrums by listening to a whisper for one second.[२४][२५][२६]
> 2×10−14 J Energy of gamma ray photons[८]
2.7×10−14 J Upper bound of the mass-energy of a muon neutrino[२७][२८]
8.2×10−14 J Rest mass-energy of an electron[२९]
10−13   1.6×10−13 J 1 megaelectronvolt (MeV)[३०]
10−12साँचा:Anchor Pico- (pJ) 2.3×10−12 J Kinetic energy of neutrons produced by D-T fusion, used to trigger fission (14.1 MeV)[३१][३२]
10−11   3.4×10−11 J Average total energy released in the nuclear fission of one uranium-235 atom (215 MeV)[३३][३४]
10−10   1.5030×10−10 J Rest mass-energy of a proton[३५]
1.505×10−10 J Rest mass-energy of a neutron[३६]
1.6×10−10 J 1 gigaelectronvolt (GeV)[३७]
3×10−10 J Rest mass-energy of a deuteron[३८]
6×10−10 J Rest mass-energy of an alpha particle[३९]
7×10−10 J Energy required to raise a grain of sand by 0.1mm (the thickness of a piece of paper).[४०]
10−9साँचा:Anchor Nano- (nJ) 1.6×10−9 J 10 GeV[४१]
8×10−9 J Initial operating energy per beam of the CERN Large Electron Positron Collider in 1989 (50 GeV)[४२][४३]
10−8   1.3×10−8 J Mass-energy of a W boson (80.4 GeV)[४४][४५]
1.5×10−8 J Mass-energy of a Z boson (91.2 GeV)[४६][४७]
1.6×10−8 J 100 GeV[४८]
2×10−8 J Mass-energy of the Higgs Boson (125.1 GeV)[४९]
6.4×10−8 J Operating energy per proton of the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron accelerator in 1976[५०][५१]
10−7   1×10−7 J ≡ 1 erg[५२]
1.6×10−7 J 1 TeV (teraelectronvolt),[५३] about the kinetic energy of a flying mosquito[५४]
10−6साँचा:Anchor Micro- (µJ) 1.04×10−6 J Energy per proton in the CERN Large Hadron Collider in 2015 (6.5 TeV)[५५][५६]
10−5      
10−4      
10−3साँचा:Anchor Milli- (mJ)    
10−2साँचा:Anchor Centi- (cJ)    
10−1साँचा:Anchor Deci- (dJ) 1.1×10−1 J Energy of an American half-dollar falling 1 metre[५७][५८]

1 to 106 J

100 J 1 J ≡ 1 N·m (Newton–metre)
1 J ≡ 1 W·s (Watt-second)
1 J Kinetic energy produced as an extra small apple (~100 grams[५९]) falls 1 meter against Earth's gravity[६०]
1 J Energy required to heat 1 gram of dry, cool air by 1-degree Celsius[६१]
1.4 J ≈ 1 ft·lbf (foot-pound force)[५२]
4.184 J ≡ 1 thermochemical calorie (small calorie)[५२]
4.1868 J ≡ 1 International (Steam) Table calorie[६२]
8 J Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin theoretical upper limit for the energy of a cosmic ray coming from a distant source[६३][६४]
101साँचा:Anchor Deca- (daJ) 5×101 J The most energetic cosmic ray ever detected[६५] was most likely a single proton traveling only slightly slower than the speed of light.[६६]
102साँचा:Anchor 1×102 J Flash energy of a typical pocket camera electronic flash capacitor साँचा:Nowrap @ साँचा:Nowrap[६७][६८]
3×102 J Energy of a lethal dose of X-rays[६९]
3×102 J Kinetic energy of an average person jumping as high as they can[७०][७१][७२]
3.3×102 J Energy to melt 1 g of ice[७३]
> 3.6×102 J Kinetic energy of 800 g[७४] standard men's javelin thrown at > 30 m/s[७५] by elite javelin throwers[७६]
5–20×102 J Energy output of a typical photography studio strobe light in a single flash[७७]
6×102 J Kinetic energy of 2 kg[७८] standard men's discus thrown at 24.4 m/sसाँचा:Citation needed by the world record holder Jürgen Schult[७९]
6×102 J Use of a 10-watt flashlight for 1-minute
7.5×102 J A power of 1 horsepower applied for 1 second[५२]
7.8×102 J Kinetic energy of 7.26 kg[८०] standard men's shot thrown at 14.7 m/sसाँचा:Citation needed by the world record holder Randy Barnes[८१]
8.01×102 J Amount of work needed to lift a man with an average weight (81.7 kg) one meter above earth (or any planet with earth gravity)
103साँचा:Anchor Kilo- (kJ) 1.1×103 J ≈ 1 British thermal unit (BTU), depending on the temperature[५२]
1.4×103 J Total solar radiation received from the Sun by 1 square meter at the altitude of Earth's orbit per second (solar constant)[८२]
1.8×103 J Kinetic energy of M16 rifle bullet (5.56×45mm NATO M855, 4.1 g fired at 930 m/s)[८३]
2.3×103 J Energy to vaporize 1 g of water into steam[८४]
3×103 J Lorentz force can crusher pinch[८५]
3.4×103 J Kinetic energy of world-record men's hammer throw (7.26 kg[८६] thrown at 30.7 m/s[८७] in 1986)[८८]
3.6×103 J ≡ 1 W·h (Watt-hour)[५२]
4.2×103 J Energy released by explosion of 1 gram of TNT[५२][८९]
4.2×103 J ≈ 1 food Calorie (large calorie)
~7×103 J Muzzle energy of an elephant gun, e.g. firing a .458 Winchester Magnum[९०]
9×103 J Energy in an alkaline AA battery[९१]
104   1.7×104 J Energy released by the metabolism of 1 gram of carbohydrates[९२] or protein[९३]
3.8×104 J Energy released by the metabolism of 1 gram of fat[९४]
4–5×104 J Energy released by the combustion of 1 gram of gasoline[९५]
5×104 J Kinetic energy of 1 gram of matter moving at 10 km/s[९६]
105   साँचा:Nowrap—साँचा:Nowrap Kinetic energy of an automobile at highway speeds (1 to 5 tons[९७] at साँचा:Nowrap or साँचा:Nowrap)[९८]
5×105 J Kinetic energy of 1 gram of a meteor hitting Earth[९९]
106साँचा:Anchor Mega- (MJ) 1×106 J Kinetic energy of a 2 tonne[९७] vehicle at 32 metres per second (115 km/h or 72 mph)[१००]
1.2×106 J Approximate food energy of a snack such as a Snickers bar (280 food calories)[१०१]
3.6×106 J = 1 kWh (kilowatt-hour) (used for electricity)[५२]
4.2×106 J Energy released by explosion of 1 kilogram of TNT[५२][८९]
8.4×106 J Recommended food energy intake per day for a moderately active woman (2000 food calories)[१०२][१०३]

107 to 1012 J

107   1×107 J Kinetic energy of the armor-piercing round fired by the assault guns of the ISU-152 tank[१०४]साँचा:Citation needed
1.1×107 J Recommended food energy intake per day for a moderately active man (2600 food calories)[१०२][१०५]
3.7×107 J $1 of electricity at a cost of $0.10/kWh (the US average retail cost in 2009)[१०६][१०७][१०८]
4×107 J Energy from the combustion of 1 cubic meter of natural gas[१०९]
4.2×107 J Caloric energy consumed by Olympian Michael Phelps on a daily basis during Olympic training[११०]
6.3×107 J Theoretical minimum energy required to accelerate 1 kg of matter to escape velocity from Earth's surface (ignoring atmosphere)[१११]
108   1×108 J Kinetic energy of a 55 tonne aircraft at typical landing speed (59 m/s or 115 knots)साँचा:Citation needed
1.1×108 J ≈ 1 therm, depending on the temperature[५२]
1.1×108 J ≈ 1 Tour de France, or ~90 hours[११२] ridden at 5 W/kg[११३] by a 65 kg rider[११४]
7.3×108 J ≈ Energy from burning 16 kilograms of oil (using 135 kg per barrel of light crude)साँचा:Citation needed
109साँचा:Anchor Giga- (GJ) 1–10×109 J Energy in an average lightning bolt[११५] (thunder)
1.1×109 J Magnetic stored energy in the world's largest toroidal superconducting magnet for the ATLAS experiment at CERN, Geneva[११६]
1.2×109 J Inflight 100-ton Boeing 757-200 at 300 knots (154 m/s)
1.4x109 J Theoretical minimum amount of energy required to melt a tonne of steel (380 kWh)[११७][११८]
2x109 J Energy of an ordinary साँचा:Nowrap gasoline tank of a car.[९५][११९][१२०]
2×109 J Planck energy, the unit of energy in Planck units[१२१]
3×109 J Inflight 125-ton Boeing 767-200 flying at 373 knots (192 m/s)
3.3×109 J Approximate average amount of energy expended by a human heart muscle over an 80-year lifetime[१२२][१२३]
4.2×109 J Energy released by explosion of 1 ton of TNT.
4.5×109 J Average annual energy usage of a standard refrigerator[१२४][१२५]
6.1×109 J ≈ 1 bboe (barrel of oil equivalent)[१२६]
1010   2.3×1010 J Kinetic energy of an Airbus A380 at cruising speed (560 tonnes at 562 knots or 289 m/s)साँचा:Citation needed
4.2×1010 J ≈ 1 toe (ton of oil equivalent)[१२६]
5×1010 J Yield energy of a Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb, the second most powerful non-nuclear weapon ever designed[१२७][१२८]
7.3×1010 J Energy consumed by the average U.S. automobile in the year 2000[१२९][१३०][१३१]
8.6×1010 J ≈ 1 MW·d (megawatt-day), used in the context of power plants[१३२]
8.8×1010 J Total energy released in the nuclear fission of one gram of uranium-235[३३][३४][१३३]
1011   2.4×1011 J Approximate food energy consumed by an average human in an 80-year lifetime.[१३४]
1012साँचा:Anchor Tera- (TJ) 3.4×1012 J Maximum fuel energy of an Airbus A330-300 (97,530 liters[१३५] of Jet A-1[१३६])[१३७]
3.6×1012 J 1 GW·h (gigawatt-hour)[१३८]
4×1012 J Electricity generated by one 20-kg CANDU fuel bundle assuming ~29%[१३९] thermal efficiency of reactor[१४०][१४१]
6.4×1012 J Energy contained in jet fuel in a Boeing 747-100B aircraft at max fuel capacity (183,380 liters[१४२] of Jet A-1[१३६])[१४३]

1013 to 1018 J

1013   1.1×1013 J Energy of the maximum fuel an Airbus A380 can carry (320,000 liters[१४४] of Jet A-1[१३६])[१४५]
1.2×1013 J Orbital kinetic energy of the International Space Station (417 tonnes[१४६] at 7.7 km/s[१४७])[१४८]
6.3×1013 J Yield of the Little Boy atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima in World War II (15 kilotons)[१४९][१५०]
9×1013 J Theoretical total mass-energy of 1 gram of matter[१५१]
1014   3.75×1014 J Total energy released by the Chelyabinsk meteor.[१५२]
6×1014 J Energy released by an average hurricane in 1 second[१५३]
1015 Peta- (PJ) साँचा:Anchor > 1015 J Energy released by a severe thunderstorm[१५४]
1×1015 J Yearly electricity consumption in Greenland as of 2008[१५५][१५६]
4.2×1015 J Energy released by explosion of 1 megaton of TNT[५२][१५७]
1016   1×1016 J Estimated impact energy released in forming Meteor Craterसाँचा:Citation needed
1.1×1016 J Yearly electricity consumption in Mongolia as of 2010[१५५][१५८]
9×1016 J Mass-energy in 1 kilogram of antimatter (or matter)[१५९]
1017   1×1017 J Energy released on the Earth's surface by the magnitude 9.1–9.3 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake[१६०]
1.7×1017 J Total energy from the Sun that strikes the face of the Earth each second[१६१]
2.1×1017 J Yield of the Tsar Bomba, the largest nuclear weapon ever tested (50 megatons)[१६२][१६३]
4.2×1017 J Yearly electricity consumption of Norway as of 2008[१५५][१६४]
4.5×1017 J Approximate energy needed to accelerate one ton to one-tenth of the speed of light
8×1017 J Estimated energy released by the eruption of the Indonesian volcano, Krakatoa, in 1883[१६५][१६६]
1018साँचा:Anchor Exa- (EJ) 1.4×1018 J Yearly electricity consumption of South Korea as of 2009[१५५][१६७]

1019 to 1024 J

1019   1.4×1019 J Yearly electricity consumption in the U.S. as of 2009[१५५][१६८]
1.4×1019J Yearly electricity production in the U.S. as of 2009[१६९][१७०]
5×1019 J Energy released in 1-day by an average hurricane in producing rain (400 times greater than the wind energy)[१५३]
6.4×1019 J Yearly electricity consumption of the world साँचा:As of[१७१][१७२]
6.8×1019 J Yearly electricity generation of the world साँचा:As of[१७१][१७३]
1020   5x1020 J Total world annual energy consumption in 2010[१७४][१७५]
8×1020 J Estimated global uranium resources for generating electricity 2005[१७६][१७७][१७८][१७९]
1021 Zetta- (ZJ) साँचा:Anchor 6.9×1021 J Estimated energy contained in the world's natural gas reserves as of 2010[१७४][१८०]
7.9×1021 J Estimated energy contained in the world's petroleum reserves as of 2010[१७४][१८१]
1022   1.5×1022J Total energy from the Sun that strikes the face of the Earth each day[१६१][१८२]
2.4×1022 J Estimated energy contained in the world's coal reserves as of 2010[१७४][१८३]
2.9×1022 J Identified global uranium-238 resources using fast reactor technology[१७६]
3.9×1022 J Estimated energy contained in the world's fossil fuel reserves as of 2010[१७४][१८४]
4×1022 J Estimated total energy released by the magnitude 9.1–9.3 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake[१८५]
1023  
2.2×1023 J Total global uranium-238 resources using fast reactor technology[१७६]
5×1023 J Approximate energy released in the formation of the Chicxulub Crater in the Yucatán Peninsula[१८६]
1024 Yotta- (YJ) 5.5×1024 J Total energy from the Sun that strikes the face of the Earth each year[१६१][१८७]

> 1025 J

1025   6×1025 J Energy released by a typical solar flare
1026   1.3×1026 J Conservative estimate of the energy released by the impact that created the Caloris basin on Mercuryसाँचा:Citation needed
3.8×1026 J Total energy output of the Sun each second[१८८]
1027      
1028   3.8×1028 J Kinetic energy of the Moon in its orbit around the Earth (counting only its velocity relative to the Earth)[१८९][१९०]
1029   2.1×1029 J Rotational energy of the Earth[१९१][१९२][१९३]
1030   1.8×1030 J Gravitational binding energy of Mercury
1031   3.3×1031 J Total energy output of the Sun each day[१८८][१९४]
1032   2×1032 J Gravitational binding energy of the Earth[१९५]
1033   2.7×1033 J Earth's kinetic energy in its orbit[१९६]
1034   1.2×1034 J Total energy output of the Sun each year[१८८][१९७]
1039   6.6×1039 J Theoretical total mass-energy of the Moon
1041   5.4×1041 J Theoretical total mass-energy of the Earth[१९८][१९९]
6.87×1041 J Gravitational binding energy of the Sun[२००]
1043   5×1043 J Total energy of all gamma rays in a typical gamma-ray burst[२०१][२०२]
1044   1–2×1044 J Estimated energy released in a supernova,[२०३] sometimes referred to as a foe
साँचा:Val Approximate lifetime energy output of the Sun.
1045   साँचा:Val Brightest observed hypernova ASASSN-15lh[२०४]
few times×1045 J Beaming-corrected 'True' total energy (Energy in gamma rays+relativistic kinetic energy) of hyper-energetic Gamma Ray Burst[२०५][२०६][२०७][२०८][२०९]
1046   1×1046 J Estimated energy released in a hypernova[२१०]
1047   1.8×1047 J Theoretical total mass-energy of the Sun[२११][२१२]
5.4×1047 J Mass-energy emitted as gravitational waves during the merger of two black holes, originally about 30 Solar masses each, as observed by LIGO[२१३]
8.8×1047 J GRB 080916C - the most powerful Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) ever recorded - total 'apparent'/isotropic (not corrected for beaming) energy output estimated at 8.8 × 1047 joules (8.8 × 1054 erg), or 4.9 times the sun’s mass turned to energy.[२१४]
1053   6x1053 J Total mechanical energy or enthalpy in the powerful AGN outburst in the RBS 797[२१५]
1054   3x1054 J Total mechanical energy or enthalpy in the powerful AGN outburst in the Hercules A (3C 348)[२१६]
1055   1055 J Total mechanical energy or enthalpy in the powerful AGN outburst in the MS 0735.6+7421
1058   4×1058 J Visible mass-energy in our galaxy, the Milky Way[२१७][२१८]
1059   1×1059 J Total mass-energy of our galaxy, the Milky Way, including dark matter and dark energy[२१९][२२०]
1062   1–2×1062 J Total mass-energy of the Virgo Supercluster including dark matter, the Supercluster which contains the Milky Way[२२१]
1069   4×1069 J Estimated total mass-energy of the observable universe[२२२]


इन्हें भी देखें

टिप्पणी

साँचा:Reflist


साँचा:परिमाण की कोटि

  1. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  2. ↑ Calculated: KE_avg ≈ (3/2) * T * 1.38E-23 = (3/2) * 1E-10 * 1.38E-23 ≈ 2.07E-33 J
  3. ↑ Calculated: E_photon = hv = 6.626e-34 J-s * 1e6 Hz = 6.6e-28 J. In eV: 6.6e-28 J / 1.6e-19 J/eV = 4.1e-9 eV.
  4. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  5. ↑ Calculated: E_photon = hv = 6.626e-34 J-s * 2.45e8 Hz = 1.62e-24 J. In eV: 1.62e-24 J / 1.6e-19 J/eV = 1.0e-5 eV.
  6. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  7. ↑ Calculated: KE_avg ≈ (3/2) * T * 1.38E-23 = (3/2) * 1 * 1.38E-23 ≈ 2.07E-23 J
  8. ↑ ८.० ८.१ ८.२ ८.३ साँचा:Cite web
  9. ↑ Calculated: 1e3 J / 6.022e23 entities per mole = 1.7e-21 J per entity
  10. ↑ Calculated: 1.381e-23 J/K * 298.15 K / 2 = 2.1e-21 J
  11. ↑ ११.० ११.१ ११.२ साँचा:Cite web
  12. ↑ Calculated: 2 to 4 kJ/mol = 2e3 J / 6.022e23 molecules/mol = 3.3e-21 J. In eV: 3.3e-21 J / 1.6e-19 J/eV = 0.02 eV. 4e3 J / 6.022e23 molecules/mol = 6.7e-21 J. In eV: 6.7e-21 J / 1.6e-19 J/eV = 0.04 eV.
  13. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  14. ↑ Calculated: 4 to 13 kJ/mol. 4 kJ/mol = 4e3 J / 6.022e23 molecules/mol = 6.7e-21 J. In eV: 6.7e-21 J / 1.6e-19 eV/J = 0.042 eV. 13 kJ/mol = 13e3 J / 6.022e23 molecules/mol = 2.2e-20 J. In eV: 13e3 J / 6.022e23 molecules/mol / 1.6e-19 eV/J = 0.13 eV.
  15. ↑ साँचा:Cite journal
  16. ↑ Calculated: 0.28 eV * 1.6e-19 J/eV = 4.5e-20 J
  17. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  18. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  19. ↑ Calculated: E = h * c / lambda. E_780_nm = 6.6e-34 kg-m^2/s * 3e8 m/s / (780e-9 m) = 2.5e-19 J. E_390 _nm = 6.6e-34 kg-m^2/s * 3e8 m/s / (390e-9 m) = 5.1e-19 J
  20. ↑ Calculated: 50 kcal/mol * 4.184 J/calorie / 6.0e22e23 molecules/mol = 3.47e-19 J. (3.47e-19 J / 1.60e-19 eV/J = 2.2 eV.) and 200 kcal/mol * 4.184 J/calorie / 6.0e22e23 molecules/mol = 1.389e-18 J. (7.64e-19 J / 1.60e-19 eV/J = 8.68 eV.)
  21. ↑ साँचा:Cite journal
  22. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  23. ↑ Calculated: 1/2 * 27e-12 g * (3.5 miles per hour)^2 = 3e-15 J
  24. ↑ साँचा:Cite web. "The eardrum is a [...] membran[e] with an area of 65 mm2."
  25. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  26. ↑ Calculated: two eardrums ≈ 1 cm2. 1e-6 W/m2 * 1e-4 m2 * 1 s = 1e-14 J
  27. ↑ साँचा:Cite book
  28. ↑ Calculated: 170e3 eV * 1.6e-19 J/eV = 2.7e-14 J
  29. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  30. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  31. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  32. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  33. ↑ ३३.० ३३.१ साँचा:Cite web
  34. ↑ ३४.० ३४.१ साँचा:Cite web
  35. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  36. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  37. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  38. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  39. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  40. ↑ Calculated: 7e-4 g * 9.8 m/s2 * 1e-4 m
  41. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  42. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  43. ↑ Calculated: 50e9 eV * 1.6e-19 J/eV = 8e-9 J
  44. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  45. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  46. ↑ साँचा:Cite journal
  47. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  48. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  49. ↑ साँचा:Cite arXiv
  50. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  51. ↑ Calculated: 400e9 eV * 1.6e-19 J/eV = 6.4e-8 J
  52. ↑ ५२.०० ५२.०१ ५२.०२ ५२.०३ ५२.०४ ५२.०५ ५२.०६ ५२.०७ ५२.०८ ५२.०९ ५२.१० साँचा:Cite web
  53. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  54. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  55. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  56. ↑ Calculated: 6.5e12 eV per beam * 1.6e-19 J/eV = 1.04e-6 J
  57. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  58. ↑ Calculated: m*g*h = 11.34e-3 kg * 9.8 m/s^2 * 1 m = 1.1e-1 J
  59. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  60. ↑ Calculated: m*g*h = 1e-1 kg * 9.8 m/s^2 * 1 m = 1 J
  61. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  62. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  63. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  64. ↑ Calculated: 5e19 eV * 1.6e-19 J/ev = 8 J
  65. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  66. ↑ साँचा:Cite journal
  67. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  68. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  69. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  70. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  71. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  72. ↑ Kinetic energy at start of jump = potential energy at high point of jump. Using a mass of 70 kg and a high point of 40 cm => energy = m*g*h = 70 kg * 9.8 m/s^2 * 40e-2 m = 274 J
  73. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  74. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  75. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  76. ↑ Calculated: 1/2 * 0.8 kg * (30 m/s)^2 = 360 J
  77. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  78. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  79. ↑ Calculated: 1/2 * 2 kg * (24.4 m/s)^2 = 595.4 J
  80. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  81. ↑ Calculated: 1/2 * 7.26 kg * (14.7 m/s)^2 = 784 J
  82. ↑ साँचा:Cite journal
  83. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  84. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  85. ↑ powerlabs.org – The PowerLabs Solid State Can Crusher! साँचा:Webarchive, 2002
  86. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  87. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  88. ↑ Calculated: 1/2 * 7.26 kg * (30.7 m/s)^2 = 3420 J
  89. ↑ ८९.० ८९.१ 4.2e9 J/ton of TNT-equivalent * (1 ton/1e6 grams) = 4.2e3 J/gram of TNT-equivalent
  90. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  91. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  92. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  93. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  94. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  95. ↑ ९५.० ९५.१ साँचा:Cite web
  96. ↑ Calculated: E = 1/2 m*v^2 = 1/2 * (1e-3 kg) * (1e4 m/s)^2 = 5e4 J.
  97. ↑ ९७.० ९७.१ साँचा:Cite web
  98. ↑ Calculated: Using car weights of 1 ton to 5 tons. E = 1/2 m*v^2 = 1/2 * (1e3 kg) * (55 mph * 1600 m/mi / 3600 s/hr) = 3.0e5 J. E = 1/2 * (5e3 kg) * (55 mph * 1600 m/mi / 3600 s/hr) = 15e5 J.
  99. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  100. ↑ Calculated: KE = 1/2 * 2e3 kg * (32 m/s)^2 = 1.0e6 J
  101. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  102. ↑ १०२.० १०२.१ साँचा:Cite web
  103. ↑ Calculated: 2000 food calories = 2.0e6 cal * 4.184 J/cal = 8.4e6 J
  104. ↑ Calculated: 1/2 * m * v^2 = 1/2 * 48.78 kg * (655 m/s)^2 = 1.0e7 J.
  105. ↑ Calculated: 2600 food calories = 2.6e6 cal * 4.184 J/cal = 1.1e7 J
  106. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  107. ↑ Calculated J per dollar: 1 million BTU/$28.90 = 1e6 BTU / 28.90 dollars * 1.055e3 J/BTU = 3.65e7 J/dollar
  108. ↑ Calculated cost per kWh: 1 kWh * 3.60e6 J/kWh / 3.65e7 J/dollar = 0.0986 dollar/kWh
  109. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  110. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  111. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  112. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  113. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  114. ↑ Calculated: 90 hr * 3600 seconds/hr * 5 W/kg * 65 kg = 1.1e8 J
  115. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  116. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  117. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  118. ↑ Calculated: 380 kW-h * 3.6e6 J/kW-h = 1.37e9 J
  119. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  120. ↑ thepartsbin.com – Volvo Fuel Tank: Compare at The Parts Binसाँचा:Dead link, 6 May 2012
  121. ↑ Ep=ℏc5G
  122. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  123. ↑ Calculated: 1.3 J/s * 80 years * 3.16e7 s/year = 3.3e9 J
  124. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  125. ↑ Calculated: 1239 kWh * 3.6e6 J/kWh = 4.5e9 J
  126. ↑ १२६.० १२६.१ Energy Units साँचा:Webarchive, by Arthur Smith, 21 January 2005
  127. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  128. ↑ Calculated: 11 tons of TNT-equivalent * 4.184e9 J/ton of TNT-equivalent = 4.6e10 J
  129. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  130. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  131. ↑ Calculated: 581 gallons * 125e6 J/gal = 7.26e10 J
  132. ↑ Calculated: 1e6 Watts * 86400 seconds/day = 8.6e10 J
  133. ↑ Calculated: 3.44e-10 J/U-235-fission * 1e-3 kg / (235 amu per U-235-fission * 1.66e-27 amu/kg) = 8.82e-10 J
  134. ↑ Calculated: 2000 kcal/day * 365 days/year * 80 years = 2.4e11 J
  135. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  136. ↑ १३६.० १३६.१ १३६.२ साँचा:Cite web
  137. ↑ Calculated: 97530 liters * 0.804 kg/L * 43.15 MJ/kg = 3.38e12 J
  138. ↑ Calculated: 1e9 Watts * 3600 seconds/hour
  139. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  140. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  141. ↑ Calculated: 7500e6 Watt-days/tonne * (0.020 tonnes per bundle) * 86400 seconds/day = 1.3e13 J of burnup energy. Electricity = burnup * ~29% efficiency = 3.8e12 J
  142. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  143. ↑ Calculated: 183380 liters * 0.804 kg/L * 43.15 MJ/kg = 6.36e12 J
  144. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  145. ↑ Calculated: 320,000 l * 0.804 kg/L * 43.15  MJ/kg = 11.1e12 J
  146. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  147. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  148. ↑ Calculated: E = 1/2 m.v2 = 1/2 * 417000 kg * (7700m/s)2 = 1.2e13 J
  149. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  150. ↑ Calculated: 15 kt = 15e9 grams of TNT-equivalent * 4.2e3 J/gram TNT-equivalent = 6.3e13 J
  151. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  152. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  153. ↑ १५३.० १५३.१ साँचा:Cite web
  154. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  155. ↑ १५५.० १५५.१ १५५.२ १५५.३ १५५.४ साँचा:Cite web
  156. ↑ Calculated: 288.6e6 kWh * 3.60e6 J/kWh = 1.04e15 J
  157. ↑ Calculated: 4.2e9 J/ton of TNT-equivalent * 1e6 tons/megaton = 4.2e15 J/megaton of TNT-equivalent
  158. ↑ Calculated: 3.02e9 kWh * 3.60e6 J/kWh = 1.09e16 J
  159. ↑ Calculated: E = mc^2 = 1 kg * (2.998e8 m/s)^2 = 8.99e16 J
  160. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  161. ↑ १६१.० १६१.१ १६१.२ The Earth has a cross section of 1.274×1014 square meters and the solar constant is 1361 watts per square meter.
  162. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  163. ↑ Calculated: 50e6 tons TNT-equivalent * 4.2e9 J/ton TNT-equivalent = 2.1e17 J
  164. ↑ Calculated: 115.6e9 kWh * 3.60e6 J/kWh = 4.16e17 J
  165. ↑ साँचा:Cite book
  166. ↑ Calculated: 200e6 tons of TNT equivalent * 4.2e9 J/ton of TNT equivalent = 8.4e17 J
  167. ↑ Calculated: 402e9 kWh * 3.60e6 J/kWh = 1.45e17 J
  168. ↑ Calculated: 3.741e12 kWh * 3.600e6 J/kWh = 1.347e19 J
  169. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  170. ↑ Calculated: 3.953e12 kWh * 3.600e6 J/kWh = 1.423e19 J
  171. ↑ १७१.० १७१.१ साँचा:Cite web
  172. ↑ Calculated: 17.8e12 kWh * 3.60e6 J/kWh = 6.41e19 J
  173. ↑ Calculated: 18.95e12 kWh * 3.60e6 J/kWh = 6.82e19 J
  174. ↑ १७४.० १७४.१ १७४.२ १७४.३ १७४.४ साँचा:Cite web
  175. ↑ Calculated: 12002.4e6 tonnes of oil equivalent * 42e9 J/tonne of oil equivalent = 5.0e20 J
  176. ↑ १७६.० १७६.१ १७६.२ साँचा:Cite web
  177. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  178. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  179. ↑ Final number is computed. Energy Outlook 2007 shows 15.9% of world energy is nuclear. IAEA estimates conventional uranium stock, at today's prices is sufficient for 85 years. Convert billion kilowatt-hours to joules then: 6.25×1019×0.159×85 = 8.01×1020.
  180. ↑ Calculated: "6608.9 trillion cubic feet" => 6608.9e3 billion cubic feet * 0.025 million tonnes of oil equivalent/billion cubic feet * 1e6 tonnes of oil equivalent/million tonnes of oil equivalent * 42e9 J/tonne of oil equivalent = 6.9e21 J
  181. ↑ Calculated: "188.8 thousand million tonnes" => 188.8e9 tonnes of oil * 42e9 J/tonne of oil = 7.9e21 J
  182. ↑ Calculated: 1.27e14 m^2 * 1370 W/m^2 * 86400 s/day = 1.5e22 J
  183. ↑ Calculated: 860938 million tonnes of coal => 860938e6 tonnes of coal * (1/1.5 tonne of oil equivalent / tonne of coal) * 42e9 J/tonne of oil equivalent = 2.4e22 J
  184. ↑ Calculated: natural gas + petroleum + coal = 6.9e21 J + 7.9e21 J + 2.4e22 J = 3.9e22 J
  185. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  186. ↑ साँचा:Cite journal
  187. ↑ Calculated: 1.27e14 m^2 * 1370 W/m^2 * 86400 s/day = 5.5e24 J
  188. ↑ १८८.० १८८.१ १८८.२ साँचा:Cite web
  189. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  190. ↑ Calculated: KE = 1/2 * m * v^2. v = 1.023e3 m/s. m = 7.349e22 kg. KE = 1/2 * (7.349e22 kg) * (1.023e3 m/s)^2 = 3.845e28 J.
  191. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  192. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  193. ↑ Calculated: E_rotational = 1/2 * I * w^2 = 1/2 * (8.0e37 kg m^2) * (2*pi/(23.9345 hour period * 3600 seconds/hour))^2 = 2.1e29 J
  194. ↑ Calculated: 3.8e26 J/s * 86400 s/day = 3.3e31 J
  195. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  196. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  197. ↑ Calculated: 3.8e26 J/s * 86400 s/day * 365.25 days/year = 1.2e34 J
  198. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  199. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  200. ↑ U=(3/5)GM2r
    Chandrasekhar, S. 1939, An Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structure (Chicago: U. of Chicago; reprinted in New York: Dover), section 9, eqs. 90–92, p. 51 (Dover edition)
    Lang, K. R. 1980, Astrophysical Formulae (Berlin: Springer Verlag), p. 272
  201. ↑ साँचा:Cite journal "the gamma-ray energy release, corrected for geometry, is narrowly clustered around 5 * 10^50 erg"
  202. ↑ Calculated: 5e50 erg * 1e-7 J/erg = 5e43 J
  203. ↑ साँचा:Cite journal
  204. ↑ साँचा:Cite journal
  205. ↑ url= http://arxiv.org/abs/1003.3885 साँचा:Webarchive
  206. ↑ url= http://arxiv.org/abs/1004.2900 साँचा:Webarchive
  207. ↑ url= http://arxiv.org/abs/0905.0690 साँचा:Webarchive
  208. ↑ url= http://tsvi.phys.huji.ac.il/presentations/Frail_AstroExtreme.pdf साँचा:Webarchive
  209. ↑ url= http://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/mtgs/grb2010/tue/Dale_Frail.ppt साँचा:Webarchive
  210. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  211. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  212. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  213. ↑ साँचा:Cite journal
  214. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  215. ↑ url= http://arxiv.org/abs/1103.0630 साँचा:Webarchive
  216. ↑ url= http://iopscience.iop.org/1538-4357/625/1/L9/fulltext/19121.text.html
  217. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  218. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  219. ↑ साँचा:Cite journal
  220. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
  221. ↑ साँचा:Cite journal
  222. ↑ साँचा:Cite web
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